Consider this claim scenario….
A home remodeling company does some plumbing work and a fitting breaks, causing extensive water damage to the original hardwood flooring.
In the above claim, depending on the timing of the PD, an ISO CGL policy would cover the damage to hardwood flooring because neither of these exclusions would apply:
j.(6)
That particular part of any property that must be restored, repaired or replaced because “your work” was incorrectly performed on it.
l.
“Property damage” to “your work” arising out of it or any part of it and included in the “products-completed operations hazard”….
The key wording in these exclusions is “your work” which is defined to include “Work or operations performed by you or on your behalf; and…Materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection with such work or operations.”
In this claim, only damage to the actual plumbing work performed would be excluded. But let’s change the factual scenario as follows:
A home remodeling company installs hardwood flooring in a home in June, then in July does some plumbing work and a fitting breaks, causing extensive water damage to the hardwood flooring installed a month earlier.
There is no question that the hardwood flooring installation was “your work” for this insured and the plumbing “your work” performed later by the insured damaged the earlier hardwood flooring “your work.” The question is, do the exclusions now apply because there has been damage to the hardwood flooring “your work”? In other words, when is “your work” no longer “your work” such that subsequent work that damages prior work is no longer excluded?
Clearly, if the hardwood flooring had been installed by someone else, then damage to the hardwood flooring due to faulty plumbing workmanship should be covered. But, if the hardwood flooring had been installed by the insured previously (hours, weeks, months, years), does that make it forever “your work” and any subsequent damage is forever excluded?
I do not know the answer to that question and I’m not familiar with any case law that has addressed it. If you are, let me know about it and I’ll update this article. When policy language is in doubt, hopefully logic will rule the day and logic would dictate in scenarios like this that damage to prior work not involving any faulty workmanship with that prior work should be covered.
UPDATE
Shortly after posting this article, I got an email from Ryan Maxwell, a law clerk with Hurwitz and Fine law firm in New York. Ryan provided the NH court case below that provides a basis for Exclusion L. in the ISO CGL policy NOT applying to completed operations involving work performed in the past by the insured. Below is an excerpt from Ryan’s email and the explanation from the court.
Although it does not appear to address the j.(6) exclusion in your standard CGL explicitly. It does relate specifically to the limits of “your work” with respect to previously completed work. Although the majority of the support is found in the “products-completed hazards” language of exclusion l. the court does find additionaly support in the definition of “Your Work” itself, so it would apply to both j.(6) and l. excusions: “Your work” explicitly includes “[w]arranties or representations made at any time.” This “at any time” language is conspicuously absent from the first portion of the definition—“work or operations performed by you.” Had Concord Group intended “your work” to mean work performed at any time without regard to completed jobs, it could have included that language in the relevant part of the definition.
Brown v. Concord Group Ins. Co., 44 A.3d 586 (N.H. 2012)
“The interpretation of insurance policy language is a question of law, which we review de novo.” Webster v. Acadia Ins. Co., 156 N.H. 317, 319, 934 A.2d 567 (2007). “Our analysis necessarily begins with an examination of the policy language.” Id. “We construe the language as would a reasonable person in the position of the insured based upon a more than casual reading of the policy as a whole.” Id. “Policy terms are construed objectively; where the terms are clear and unambiguous, we accord the language its natural and ordinary meaning.” Id.
Here, the policy excludes coverage for the following:
- Damage to YourWork
“Property damage” to “your work” arising out of it or any part of it and included in the “products-completed operations hazard.”
The policy defines “your work” as “[w]ork or operations performed by you or on your behalf” and “[m]aterials or equipment furnished in connection with such work operations.” It also includes “[w]arranties or representations made at any time with respect to the fitness, quality, durability, performance or use of ‘your work.’ ” Thus, the “your work” exclusion is triggered only if (1) the damage at issue is to work performed by “you” and *526 is caused by work performed by “you,” and (2) the damage is included in the “products-completed operations hazard.”
The policy defines “products-completed operations hazard,” in relevant part, as:
[A]ll “bodily injury” and “property damage” occurring away from premises you own or rent and arising out of “your product” or “your work” except:
( (1) Products that are still in your physical possession; or
(2) Work that has not yet been completed or abandoned. However, “your work” will be deemed completed at the earliest of the following times:
( a) When all of the work called for in your contract has been completed.
( b) When all of the work to be done at the job site has been completed if your contract calls for work at more than one job site.
( c) When that part of the work done at a job site has been put to its intended use by any person or organization other than another contractor or subcontractor working on the same project.
Work that may need service, maintenance, correction, repair or replacement, but which is otherwise complete, will be treated as completed.
According to this language, damage falls within the “products-completed operations hazard” only if the damage is to work that has been completed, as defined by the clause. See Mosser Const., Inc. v. The Travelers Indem., 430 Fed.Appx. 417, 418 (6th Cir.2011). Therefore, the second requirement of the “your work” exclusion requires the work to be completed.
This leads to the conclusion that “your work” does have a limitation in that it contemplates discrete jobs that have an endpoint. Indeed, the policy provides a detailed explanation of when “your work” shall be deemed completed. Although this explanation is contained in the “products-completed operations hazard” definition and not in the “your work” definition, it is nevertheless germane to the meaning of “your work” because the “products-completed operations hazard” is an explicit element of the exclusion itself. We thus hold that the “your work” exclusion does not uniformly apply to all work ever performed by “you,” but rather excludes *527 coverage on a job-by-job basis, with individual jobs being demarcated by their completion as explained in the “products-completed operations hazard.” Accordingly, the “your work” exclusion does not necessarily exclude coverage in a situation where an insured’s work causes damage to something the insured had previously constructed. If the previous work has been completed, then it is not part of the “work” at issue—the current work that caused the damage to the previous work—and thus the damage would not be excluded under the “yourwork” exclusion.
This interpretation is supported by the “your work” definition itself. “Your work” explicitly includes “[w]arranties or representations made at any time.” This “at any time” language is conspicuously absent from the first portion of the definition—“work or operations performed by you.” Had Concord Group intended “your work” to mean work performed at any time without regard to completed jobs, it could have included that language in the relevant part of the definition. See State v. McDonald, 163 N.H. 115, 127, 35 A.3d 605 (2011) (“The legislature could have permitted the use of deadly force against any ‘aggravated felonious sexual assault’ by using that term in the self-defense statute. Indeed, the legislature has used the specific phrase ‘aggravated felonious sexual assault’ in other statutes.”).
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Bill Wilson
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Very interesting question…
Bradly, check out the update to the article above.
Interesting… I could see this information being valuable to some of my contractor clients.
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Perhaps there is more to your scenario than what I perceive but wouldn’t the definition of “Products and Completed Operations” provide some guidance?
“Products-completed operations hazard”:
a. Includes all “bodily injury” and “property damage” occurring away from premises you own or rent and arising out of “your product” or “your work” except:
(1) Products that are still in your physical possession; or
(2) Work that has not yet been completed or abandoned. However, “your work” will be deemed completed at the earliest of the following times:
(a) When all of the work called for in your contract has been completed.
(b) When all of the work to be done at the job site has been completed if your contract calls for work at more than one job site.
(c) When that part of the work done at a job site has been put to its intended use by any person or organization other than another contractor or subcontractor working on the same project.
Work that may need service, maintenance, correction, repair or replacement, but which is otherwise complete, will be treated as completed.
You’re definitely on the right track with regard to completed operations…check out the update to the article above.
The key is have they been paid for the hardwood floor installed earler? If they have then a good argument for coverage applies. One poyential problem is that if this is a continuing project and b the contractor is viewed as a general then I doubt the claim would be paid or covered.
Thanks Bill. Always enjoy reading your stuff!